Networking topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking topic - Research Paper Example mmunication facilitates the similar communication as telephone without loss in reliability, functionality or quality; as well as in fulfillment by the ITU (or International Telecommunications Union) presented communication specifications. The term of VoIP is as well employed to denote the software and hardware utilized to perform such calls over the Internet network (BestPriceComputers). Internet Telephony is acknowledged as Voice over IP, which facilitates people to speak to other people over the Internet. Specifically, Internet telephony makes use of the Internet in place of public switch telephone to establish a connection between a calling party and one or more called parties. To do an Internet call, caller needs to install Internet telephone software. Because when the caller talks into a computer microphone, then the Internet telephone software and the computer’s sound card digitize and condense voice and then distribute the compressed voice over the Internet to the target party or listener. In the same way, a call receiver also needs to install the Internet telephone software as software at the receiving end reverse this procedure as a result call receiver can listen what caller party have said (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat 464). In every VoIP communication system, caller’s voice is transformed into online data packets of data, similar to small fi les, as well as then distributed to the target or receiver over the web/Internet as well as decoded at the receiver end back into our voice. Also, to complete this process quickly, these online data packets are compressed prior to distribute, in the same way as we zip our files and folders for reducing their size (ProgrammerWorld) VoIP communication offers lot of advantages regarding better and effective communication. Below I have outlined some main advantages of the VoIP technology: (Garden), (BestPriceComputers), (Unuth) and (TechTarget): Facility of IVR, conference calling, automatic redial, call forwarding

The Knight and the Prologue of the Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

The Knight and the Prologue of the Canterbury Tales Essay The Prologue in Chaucer’s CANTERBURY TALES is unique in the manner in which it introduces its unique cast of characters. Lines 43 to 80 are among the more interesting parts of the Prologue. Lines 43 – 44 The tale starts with the Knight and he was a worthy man Lines 45 – 46 From his earliest days he embodied chivalry Lines 47 – 48 He served his lord well in many wars. Lines 48 – 49 Much of the combat he saw was in the Crusades Lines 50 – 51 He fought a huge battle in Alexandria Lines 52 – 53 He fought in Latvia, Prussia and Russia Lines 54 – 55 His alliances were with powerful forces Lines 55 -56 He was a powerful and honored warrior and even fought in Grenada Lines 56 – 57 He fought in strange lands such as Algiers among others Lines 58 – 60 Not only were his successes on land, but also on the high seas Lines 61 -62 he fought fifteen battles in the Crusades Lines 63 – 64 He slew all who he faced Lines 65 -66 Allying with another nation to defeat the Turks Lines 67 -68 He amassed great fame, but he was not an egoist Lines 69 – 70 He was an honest man who always remained humble. Lines 71 – 72 He never said a foul word not acted without virtue Lines 72 -73 He was a great man, but not without personal problems Lines 74 – 75 he had a great team of horses, but was not happy and wore a frown. Lines 75 – 76 It was impossible for him to hide his feelings. Lines 77 – 78 Deciding he needed a vacation, he opted to tale a pilgrimage Lines 79 – 80 Taking his son with him, a lustful free spirit.

Teacher Education Students at the State University of New York Cortland :: Essays Papers

Teacher Education Students at the State University of New York Cortland A multicultural education incorporates not only culture, but race, social class, gender and disability. "Through guided classroom interaction students’ interracial attitudes may become more positive and accepting" (Chesler, 1971, p.613). Multicultural education has many goals (Kendall, 1996, p. 10). By providing this type of classroom experience children will learn to respect other cultures and to work with others of difference. By using resources that are in the community (parents, library, field trips..) teachers can incorporate this type of education into all subject areas. For example, a science teacher could combine multiculturalism by teaching about achievements made by people of different cultures and also of achievements by women. A multicultural education helps children develop a positive self-concept. By providing a multicultural curriculum students will learn to value other cultures as well as their own. A multicultural education means acceptance and the willingness to learn about others, which will help to make students’ successful members of society. Positive early experiences of multiculturalism in the classroom should be integrated in all aspects of a childs schooling, especially in science. Science is where hands on learning should occur. Teachers must take the time to understand that all children bring their prior experiences with them into the classroom. Children may have misconceptions about science based on their experiences or lack of experiences outside the class. For example, children who live in the city may have less knowledge about farm animals and their environment other than the concrete. Teachers must realize that children in different cultures may have different learning styles. "Culture and ethnicity have deep impact on our learning styles" (Kendall, 1996, p. 33). For example some Navajo children learn better through demonstration. A teacher must be careful not to stereotype children. Just because they are from a cer tain culture does not mean that they must be taught a certain way. Teachers must be aware that a child from a certain culture may learn in a certain way and it is up to the teacher to observe the child to find out what teaching approach is best. Exposing children at an early age to a learning environment with a rich variety of cultural and ethnic materials is essential for them to respect and appreciate others of a different race, gender, or cultural background. By incorporating multiculturalism into science, this gives children an opportunity to learn about people who may be unique from them.

How to Be a Faithful Servant. Essay -- World Literature

In the story of Joseph (Genesis 37, 39-46), Joseph himself is considered a faithful servant. He follows all of Gods rules, laws, and orders precisely. In his lifetime Joseph encounters some hard times, but he triumphs in the end. A faithful servant must always consider what is required of he or she, how he or she will respond to being tested, if he or she plan on being rewarded, and what it means to be a faithful servant. In the end, a truly faithful servant must ask himself or herself how appealing a job it really is. Being faithful means putting all your trust in something. A servant serves others. So, the question is, what does it take to be a faithful servant? In Genesis, Joseph is the epitome of a faithful servant. He was a faithful servant to the Lord as well as to his masters. It is evident that he was a faithful servant to the Lord by the way he responded to all of his encounters during hard times. Joseph shows these faithful skills from the instant in which he is sold by his brothers to the time that he is put into jail. Joseph never once turned his back or lost his faith in the Lord. A great example of his endless devotion is shown in the following quote: "And it came to pass after these things, that his master's wife cast her eyes upon Joseph; and she said, lie with me. But he refused, and said unto his masters wife, Behold, my master wotteh not what is with me in the house, and he hath committed all that he hath to my hand; there is none greater in this house than I; neither hath he kept back any thing from me but thee, because thou art his wife: how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God"(68)? This quotation ill ustrates Joseph's faithfulness not only to God but also to his master. The end result ... ...ions along their way to prosperity. As long as they always remember to put their faith first, then they are often times happy with their life. A true servant's only job is to serve someone. For most people, it is not appealing, but for some, it is a rewarding lifestyle. Being a faithful servant requires a special person, one who is willing to do a lot of work for little or no reward. A faithful servant is required of different kinds of work, occasionally testing their mental, physical, and spiritual abilities. He or she also must always realize they times often are not going to be rewarded for their hard work. Some people, like Joseph, being a faithful servant is what they are born to do, and it is the only thing that they know. Works Cited Page Lawall, Sarah. (Ed.). (2002). The Norton Anthology of World Literature (Vol. A). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Ethical Practices Essay

1. What are business ethics? Business ethics are rules of conduct, principals, and patterns of behavior in business dealings that involve doing the right thing. An ethical business is a business which embraces universal morals and strives for equality of every job and workplace. Although laws and policies are different in every country, some have lower ethical standards than others which for example can promote child labor, unsafe workplace, and many other approaches which can harm a quality of a workers life. The unethical businesses save money in cutting corners through ethic standards. But unfortunately many companies rely on factories based off unethical work to keep them in business. In some cultures unethical work is recognized to be normal such as child labor in an underdeveloped countries while here it is against the law and seen as inhumane because of how our culture is conditioned here. 2. Give two examples in which Primark is operating in an ethical way. Provide two additional examples of ethical practices or behaviours in a business not associated with retailing or clothing. Primark operating in ethical ways: – Primark bases its code of conduct on the International Labor Organization (ILO). The code of conduct provides an ethical standard code which enforces safe, labor free, and security in work. – Primark provides audits to it suppliers to follow up and ensure the supplier is maintaining ethical practices. Additional examples: – To have no tolerance for discrimination in the workplace. Every race, culture, and gender is treated equally in every work environment. For example in an auto business a women is respected on the same level as men are. 3. Why is it so important for businesses to operate in an ethical way? Explain your answer by referring to the fashion industry. It is so important for businesses to operate in an ethical way because it represents how a company is run in all aspects. 4. In what ways could ethical business practices incur costs to the business? Evaluate the extent to which the benefits to a business of operating in an ethical are likely to outweigh the costs. Ethical practices will cost a business. When a company is ethical it builds confidence in the brand and its reputation, which shareholders are pleased to see. Also, it reduces the risk in bad reputation from bad publicity. In addition, many companies chose to save money and cut the corner with ethical standards. Although the benefit outweighs the cost because overall if a consumer understands and can view the company’s transparency they will be more confident in purchasing products or services from the certain business. Therefore, this will increase a based clientele due to their information of how your business runs and that their purchase adds to promoting standard work ethics. For example if you told a customer that a pair of pants cost a few dollars more than the other ones, but explained that the cheaper pair is made by an 11 year old child working in factory for 14 hours a day getting paid pennies to produce the garment or a woman who made them and she is receiving proper incentives and benefits for working for the company to support her family. I believe every costumer would chose to pay those extra couple of dollars. This is why consumers should push for company transparency, to allow you to see what you really pay for! Therefore, for established company ethical standards will cost more to maintain but in the outcome more customers will be attracted and you will build a loyal client base due to many people who are against ethical issues.

How to Kill Your Darlings

How to Kill Your Darlings How to Kill Your Darlings This August, Simon Woodward published his fifth book, Dead Weapons. During the writing process, Simon faced a struggle familiar to many writers: should he follow his creative instincts or tailor his novel to enhance its marketability? In this article, Simon talks about the act Faulkner’s coined â€Å"killing your darlings,†   and discerning the difference between making clever marketing decisions and self-censorship.Where do you get your ideas from?Most writers have been on the receiving end of this question; the go-to question from friends and family when discussing their writing career. I admit I've never been able to answer this because, well... I don't know.The idea for my novelMy new novel, Dead Weapons, emerged from a soup of ideas and influences that had bubbled away in the back of my brain for a year. One of the main influences was Blur's song, â€Å"Kids With Guns,† and its haunting chorus: â€Å"They're turning us into monsters.† In my mind, it evokes the frightening statistics around the rise in teenage knife and gun crime in London - quoted, adjusted and recalculated in the media, then used by some right-wing commentators to create a public image of a feral generation.  Both of these contributed to the idea for a dystopian novel based around an aging society that has collapsed into a  terminal suspicion of the youth, leading to a permanent child curfew. Finally, the book’s original title had been on my mind from the get-go: And This Boy Loved His Gun. This title was the piton I used to hammer into the rock face, and to haul myself up that 80,000-word edifice. The title is the piton that hammers into the rock face, and hauls you up the 80,000-word edifice. As soon as I had this title, I knew I wanted to write a story for this 'feral generation' of teenage boys. I wanted it to be a dark, contemporary adventure, powered by a cinematic narrative (accompanied by an imaginary thumping bass), and I wanted it to be from their viewpoint. I wanted to return society's suspicious and fearful gaze from the teenagers’ perspective.Writing for a challenging demographicFrom the outset, I felt I was taking on a challenging project: the presence of the words boy and gun in a YA book title was likely to elicit knee-jerk reactions from  some,  and although I wanted to write this story for the teen demographic, there was no guarantee they'd want to read it.Highlighting the second issue was a 2016 Neilson Book Research investigation that reported a decline in teenagers who regularly read for pleasure - in particular amongst boys.  The report identified the battle for attention with social media, YouTube, the gaming industry and even good old-f ashioned television. When interviewed, boys of all ages named video game/app integrated books as the key thing that would encourage them to read more.I don't own the rights to any video games or killer apps, and so I resolved to give them the closest thing I could. Dead Weapons’ hero is Ciaran Richards, a sixteen-year-old boy framed for murder. On the run from the police, a powerful gangster, and a secret government department, Ciaran has a malfunctioning, intelligent revolver stuck to his hand - making him the literary version of a first-person shooter from computer games.  However, the last he wants to do is use the gun. He wants to let it go so he can go back to his life, but he can’t.Determining the marketability of my bookWhen my agent approached publishers with the book, several editorial directors were keen to take it on, but in each case marketing departments squashed its chances  at the acquisitions stage. I suspect that this had something to do with the subject matter and those two words sitting close together in the title. Perhaps it wasn't self-censorship after all, but a classic case of a writer refusing to cut or change something that didn't serve the story. Maybe I'd forgotten an essential piece of writing advice. As Stephen King said in On Writing (paraphrasing William Faulkner): â€Å"Kill your darlings, kill your darlings, even when it breaks your egocentric little scribbler's heart, kill your darlings.† "Even when it breaks your egocentric little scribbler's heart, kill your darlings.† - Stephen King Please share your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Simon Woodward in the comments below!Dead Weapons is available in paperback and on Amazon Kindle.

Free Essays on The Story of an Hour

The Story of an Hour In Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å" The Story of an Hour,† there is much irony. The first irony detected is in the way that Louise reacts to the news of the death of her husband, Brently Mallard. She is immediately overcome with sadness. However, once she is alone she allows herself to experience her feelings of joy at the prospect of being free from â€Å"repression.† She is no more able to staff off the feeling that was approaching her than trying to stop the waves from hitting the shore. Basically stated we are powerless over our feelings. First, one can state that no matter how hard we try we cannot keep a feeling from coming over us. Louise’s’ feelings come from deep within her soul. Physical exhaustion followed her first storm of grief. At first she did not know what was coming to her. She could not even give it a name. When she started to recognize it, she was trying to beat it back with sheer will power. Only to find that will power is no match for the total encompassing of feelings. Once she had abandoned herself the word â€Å"free† had escaped from her lips. She did not deliberately want if but it had come anyway. Unmistakably, a joy over took her. Not that she would not be sad again, but for now she was like a bird let out of the cage. Mrs. Mallard was a good example of Shakespeare’s line â€Å"To Thine own self be true.† She did not allow guilt to rear its ugly head but instead just felt her feelings. She allowed no one to witness her self-assertion. But, it was the strongest impulse of her being. As she was projecting spring and summer days to come, a feeling that her life would be her own gave her a contentment that she had not felt in a long time. She grows excited and begins to fantasize about living her life for herself. The term â€Å"new spring life,’ breath of rain and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves† put an impression as if she longed for tha... Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour The Story of an Hour In Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å" The Story of an Hour,† there is much irony. The first irony detected is in the way that Louise reacts to the news of the death of her husband, Brently Mallard. She is immediately overcome with sadness. However, once she is alone she allows herself to experience her feelings of joy at the prospect of being free from â€Å"repression.† She is no more able to staff off the feeling that was approaching her than trying to stop the waves from hitting the shore. Basically stated we are powerless over our feelings. First, one can state that no matter how hard we try we cannot keep a feeling from coming over us. Louise’s’ feelings come from deep within her soul. Physical exhaustion followed her first storm of grief. At first she did not know what was coming to her. She could not even give it a name. When she started to recognize it, she was trying to beat it back with sheer will power. Only to find that will power is no match for the total encompassing of feelings. Once she had abandoned herself the word â€Å"free† had escaped from her lips. She did not deliberately want if but it had come anyway. Unmistakably, a joy over took her. Not that she would not be sad again, but for now she was like a bird let out of the cage. Mrs. Mallard was a good example of Shakespeare’s line â€Å"To Thine own self be true.† She did not allow guilt to rear its ugly head but instead just felt her feelings. She allowed no one to witness her self-assertion. But, it was the strongest impulse of her being. As she was projecting spring and summer days to come, a feeling that her life would be her own gave her a contentment that she had not felt in a long time. She grows excited and begins to fantasize about living her life for herself. The term â€Å"new spring life,’ breath of rain and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves† put an impression as if she longed for tha... Free Essays on The Story of an Hour The Story of an Hour â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is about a woman who finds the liberation to live for herself through her husband’s death. Kate Chopin’s main character, Louise Mallard, is an ordinary housewife who has a heart condition. When her husband dies in a train wreck, her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards rush to her to break the news as gently as possible. When the news is broken to Louise, she immediately burst into tears and clutches her sister. After Louise calms down, she goes to her room to be by herself. She is still very upset, sobbing every now and then, but as she looks through the window, she is disturbed by her feelings, â€Å"this thing that was approaching to possess her†(Trotter 150). She is beginning to feel the freedom of being able â€Å"to live for herself†(Trotter 153) instead of her husband. She tries to reject this feeling at first, but then starts to give into it until it is a â€Å"monstrous joy†(Trotter 156) that consumes her. When she finally leaves the room in triumph, she finds out that her husband is alive. She dies from the shock of finding out her husband is alive. The doctor ironically said, â€Å"she died from the grief that kills.†(Chopin 446) Kate Chopin is known for writing controversial works in a time when they were not accepted. In that sense this story is very comparable to her other works. Her characters are always commits sins that often made her contemperaries cringe, whether reading private mail (Elizabeth Stock’s One Story†), deceiving well-meaning nuns (â€Å"Lilacs), smoking illicit hallucinogenic ciggarettes (â€Å"An Egyptian Ciggarette†), condoning murder (The Godmother†) or rejoicing at a husband’s death (â€Å"Story of an Hour†). Kate Chopin foreshadows Louise’s strange feelings about her husband’s death right from the start. Chopin writes, â€Å"she did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inab... Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour The Story Of An Hour Back in 1894, the American writer Kate Chopin wrote the short-story "The Story of an Hour". Chopin, born O’Flaherty, wasn’t renowned as a writer during her time, but she has achieved recognition in the 20th century especially with her 1899 novel "The Awakening". Her stories about strong women have really been paid attention to in relation to this century’s sexual liberation debate. This short-story revolves around what goes through a person’s head when informed that a close family member has perished. Louise Mallard is a young, yet married woman who suffers from heart trouble, and that’s why her closest relatives feel that they have to break the news to her as gently as possible. (Bender, p.257-66) Immediately after hearing the shocking news, Louise starts crying, and storms into her room. Since Louise spends the majority of the short-story in her room, this is the setting of the story. Noone really knows early in the story how Louise really feels about her husband dying. But the author certainly gives some evident hints. The fourth paragraph’s content, which revolves around the period of time where Louise has just entered her room, is fairly surprising. Everyone would expect Louise to weep with agony and pain, but instead she sits calmly down: "There stood, facing an open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair." The notes of a distant song which some was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves." All these descriptions are beautiful images of life, making the reader quite confused until Louise’s reaction is explained. As Chopin puts it: "She said it over and over under her breath: ’free, free, free!’" This feeling; freedom, is obviously something Louise hasn’t felt for a really long time. As Chopin puts it; "What could love (..) Louise now has more positive energy and vitality than ever, and even calls herself a "Goddess of victory". Her sister, Josep... Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour Kate Chopin uses many different elements to create the theme of â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† Irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing are important elements that create the theme. The theme of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is the frailty of life. Irony is the first element of â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† The main irony in the story is that Mrs. Mallard has a new life created and then destroyed for her, all in an hour. She sees a life of freedom ahead of her because of the death of her husband. This new life is then horribly ripped away from her when he walks through the door alive. His appearance then kills her. Another example of irony is that her new life was created by death. Her husband was listed as killed in a railroad accident, and she saw his death as a fresh start on a free life. â€Å"She saw that beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely,† says Chopin. The third irony is the fact that she does feel joy at the death of her husband, which is normally quite unexpected. Even her sister and her husband’s friend Richard expected her to be heartbroken, and they were fearful for her health. Instead she was so happy, it killed her when he appeared alive. Finally, after hearing of his death, she prayed that her life would be long when â€Å"only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.† Soon after, she dies. Even the title of the story is ironic when the end result of the story is known. A new life was created and destroyed all within an hour, showing how frail life is. There are also several instances of symbolism in this story that help the theme of frailty of life. The â€Å"new spring life† that Chopin mentions symbolizes the new life that Mrs. Mallard feels for herself. The way that Richards and Mrs. Mallard’s sister break the news to her symbolizes the way women were viewed during Chopin’s lifetime. In those days, women were viewed ... Free Essays on The Story Of An Hour â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin gives us a very interesting look at how an hour can be such a long time. This story is filled with irony. Every time that you think that you have the plot figured out, Chopin tosses in another twist that throws our minds for a loop. As I read this story the first time I thought how strange, but as I read it again and again I started pick up bits and pieces of what the author was trying to convey. When I first began reading the story I believed Mrs. Mallard to be an older woman. I thought this because we are told that she is afflicted with a heart trouble. I realize that having heart trouble does not ultimately mean old, but that is just the way our minds work. I was surprised to find that Mrs. Mallard was actually a young woman, described as having â€Å"a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression.† She was young in age, but did she feel old? Did she feel that her life meant nothing? We find out the answers to these questions as we read on. Mrs. Mallard is given the news of her husbands’ death from her sister, Josephine. She reacts just as anyone else would, she weeps immediately, and is stricken with grief. She falls into her sister’s arms for comfort. Then as she composes herself, she goes to her room alone. It is at this point that the story takes a strange twist. Mrs. Mallard sees the blue sky out her window. She feels the breeze flowing in from the outside. She smells the rain that was still in the air. We are told that she feels something coming towards her. She waits fearfully. It is â€Å"too subtle and elusive to name.† What could it be wonders the reader? Then it hits us unexpectedly. The thing coming towards her is her freedom. She whispers free, free, free. She is described as having a monstrous joy. Her husband would no longer repress her. She was free at last. She prayed that her life would be long, something that she had not wished for sinc... Free Essays on The Story of an Hour Love Wasn’t Love is sacrifice of one’s self for the people you care about most in your life. Love is a choice to do what is best for another person. There are times when choosing to love someone comes at a great cost. You have to sacrifice something; time, money, energy, and sometimes the supreme cost will be giving up your own life so that someone else can live. When it really costs you something to carry on in a relationship or to help someone, that is the real test to find out if you truly love that person. If you bail out, you have just proved that you love yourself more than the person who needs your help. If you do what is best for the other person even though it is difficult for you, then you have discovered real love, a love that you choose to exercise regardless of how you feel. I feel like Louise loved him in the beginning of their relationship, however, over time she was only comfortable being with him. Staying together was easier than being alone. So when she found out about his death, and that it was not her fault, she could be free without taking any blame. According to Joseph Rosenblum, â€Å"nothing can compensate Louise for the freedom that she has lost by marrying. Her face â€Å"bespoke repression†; no matter how kind Brentley has been, he has still imposed his will upon his wife. Hence, Brentley’s death is not tragic to her, since it gives her own life back to her† (Rosenblum par 7) The story states that she had loved him some of the time, which I believe if not all the time, then love did not exist throughout most of their marriage. When Louise whispered free over and over, she exhibited the fact that her life would be lived without the constant controlling of her husband. I think that since being diagnosed with heart trouble, maybe Brently must have been a little forceful with Louise to make sure she would not get worse. He could have imposed rules that she must abide by in order to prevent her from...

Appropriate Consequences for Student Misbehavior

Appropriate Consequences for Student Misbehavior Students will misbehave in class. As teachers, we might not be able to stop all forms of misbehavior before they start. However, we have complete control over our own reactions to student behavioral issues. Therefore, we must choose our responses wisely, making sure that they are appropriate and logical. The old adage, the punishment must fit the crime, is especially true in a classroom setting. If you choose something illogical, students will learn less than if your response directly relates to the situation, or they might miss out on important information being taught in class that day. Following are a series of situations that have been chosen to illustrate appropriate responses in your classroom to help establish behavior management. Note that these are not the only appropriate responses, but instead chosen to show the difference between appropriate and inappropriate consequences. A student uses a cell phone for non-academic purposes. Appropriate: Tell the student to put the phone away.Inappropriate: Confiscate the cell phone.Explanation: A cell phone policy should be clearly stated in the student handbook and reviewed with students whenever there is an infraction. Teachers should record repeat offenders in order to share that the student is distracted in class with parents. Rules should be designed to meet the needs of students while addressing educators’ concerns. Some districts allow teachers a choice to make the decision by clearly posting if students can use their devices. Information on the webiste  Common Sense Media can help teachers plan for device use that considers digital citizenship and student safety. Regardless, digital devices like cell phones should only be used in class when there are specific goals in mind, critical thinking, collaboration, advancement, and equity. A student is late to class. Appropriate - The student misses the daily starter or do-now activity and could lose any points associated with this activity.Inappropriate - The teacher ignores the situation, and the student has no consequences for their tardiness.Explanation - Tardiness is a big deal, especially if left unchecked. Teachers should have a tardy policy in place to deal with problem tardies. Having a daily do now or warm up is one way to give students an immediate benefit for being to class on time. One note of caution, a student who is frequently tardy could build up a large number of zeros for not completing the warm-up activity. In this case, the warm-up activity could be used for extra credit points. There is a differemce between grading for ability and grading for behavior. A student does not bring in his or her homework. Appropriate - Depending on the school policy, the student could lose points off their homework assignment. The student could also receive a lower rating in academic behavior.Inappropriate - A lack of homework results in the student failing the class.Explanation -Homework is done outside of the control of the classroom. For this reason, many schools are deciding not to penalize missing homework. If teachers grade only in-class or summative assessments, then the grade accurately reflects what students know. However, keeping track of homework for completion can be valuable information to share with parents. National Education Association (NEA) suggests that all stakeholders (teachers, parents, and students) work together in any effort to set homework policies. A page on the NEA website states: Policies should address the purposes of homework; amount and frequency; school and teacher responsibilities; student responsibilities; and, the role of parents or others who assist students with homework. A student does not have materials (pen, calulator) needed for class. Appropriate - The teacher provides the student with a pen or pencil in exchange for collateral. For example, the teacher might hold on to one of the students shoes to ensure that the pen or pencil is returned at the end of the class.Inappropriate - The student does not have materials and cannot participate.Explanation - Students who can not finish any classwork without materials. Extrae quipment (calculators) orsupplies should be available in class. A student does not have their book in class. Appropriate - The student does not have a textbook during the lesson for the day.Inappropriate - The teacher gives the student a textbook to use without comment.Explanation - If textbooks are required in your day-to-day classroom, it is important for students to remember their texts. It is a rare situation where you have more than a couple of extra textbooks in your class. If students accidentally take an extra text with them, you will have most likely have lost that text forever. A student does not raise their hand but calls out answers instead. Appropriate - The teacher does not respond to the student who calls out and does not call on them.Inappropriate - The teacher allows individuals to answer without having to raise their hands.Explanation - Requiring students to raise their hands is an important part of wait time and effective questioning techniques. If you do not continuously uphold this rule, then students will no longer raise their hands in class. A student uses a curse word in class. Appropriate - The teacher reprimands the student saying, Do not use that language.Inappropriate - The teacher ignores the curse word.Explanation - Profanity should have no place in the classroom. If you ignore it, students will take note and will continue to use it in class. Note: Realize that if the profanity was used against someone else in the class, a form of bullying or harrassment, the consequences should be greater than if a curse word just slips out. Record the event.

Global leadership Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global leadership - Research Proposal Example According to Patterson et al (1998), â€Å"the effectiveness with which organizations manage, develop, motivate, involve and engage the willing contribution of people who work in them is a key determinant of how well those organizations perform.† Some companies have faced numerous leadership challenges from a global perspective due to their leadership styles. As such, this study focuses on the case involving the merger of Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HWP) and Compaq Computer Corporation (NYSE: CPQ) which was intended to build an $87 billion global technology leader (Palo & Houston, 2001). However, this initiative was a failure due to the fact that the leadership was not effective in dealing with management issues from a global perspective. The CEO, Fiorina significantly differed with the views of the other people who supported the HP way of doing business. It can also be seen that the new culture created was not compatible with the usual HP way of doing business (Malone, 200 2). This led to the sacking of the CEO after the failure of implementing effective leadership strategies in solving the global challenges facing the company. Where there is lack of goodwill and positive leadership, it can be seen that there are likely to be numerous challenges that can be encountered in a global environment. ... egards to global challenges in leadership has influenced the researcher to undertake a study to investigate some of the measures that can be implemented in order to promote behaviour change of the of the leaders so that they can be effective. Basically, positive behaviour change among the leaders is one reliable way that can ensure the organisations’ viability and this can be achieved through exploring different leadership techniques that can enhance the leaders’ effectiveness in a global environment. The broad objective of the study is to investigate the measures that can be implemented by the leaders to address global challenges in leadership. The other objective is to explore the strategy that can be used to positively change the behaviour and attitude of leaders operating in a global environment. Transformational leadership â€Å"Focus of leadership research has shifted towards the examination of the behaviours exhibited by the leader that makes the followers more aware of the values and task outcomes, activate their higher order needs and induce them to transcend self interests for the sake of the organization,† (Bass, 1985, Yukl, 1989 as cited in Podsakoff et al, 1990). According to different researches about transformational leadership, followers often feel trust and respect toward a leader and they do more than what they are expected to do. It is imperative that a leader operating in a global environment should be in a position to show positive attitude and behaviour to the employees so that they can be motivated to put optimum performance in their operations. This is beneficial to the whole organization. A leader who is charismatic and capable of creating trust among the employees is also in a position to persuade them to have positive behaviour and

Comparison of Desk Suit with Chest of Drawers in Relation to Essay

Comparison of Desk Suit with Chest of Drawers in Relation to Surrealism - Essay Example The essay "Comparison of Desk Suit with Chest of Drawers in Relation to Surrealism" analyzes similarity and contrast of two paintings. The paper provide a comparison of Desk suit (1936) with Chest of drawers (1936) in the context of surrealism. Surrealism was a cultural and literary movement that promoted the automatic and creative thinking among members of a society. The two painters were among the major proponents of the cultural and artistic movement. Their two paintings are therefore fundamental in fostering the growth of the ideologies at the time. In the first section will be discussed Salvador Dali’s painting and in the second will be discussed Elisa Schiaparelli’s painting. / The painting is an artistic masterpiece that embodies the dictates of surrealism. The painting of a human with his bodies partitioned by drawers is a representation of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. Art is a cultural product that often criticizes and represents the society. Sigmund Freud developed unique ideas of psychology that remains essential to the study to date. As such, Dali borrowed his ideas at the time to visualize the dictates of his ideologies. The artistic painting is an imaginative representation of Freud’s unique psychology that assets that the human body consists of platonic. The separate drawers represent the various secrets that a human keeps all of which are accessible only through an effective psychoanalysis as proposed by Sigmund Freud. The painting is unique as it communicates to a specific audience.

Marketing - Microsoft Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing - Microsoft Case Study - Essay Example The strongest companies with truly innovative concepts survived and into the 21st century. The turn of the century continued to be trigger by the internet and higher broadband speeds created the birth of what economist called the convergence age. The convergence era is defined by the collapse of previously distinct media distribution channels – broadcast, cable, radio, print, online – into one single media delivery chain that supports a range of interactive modes between users and content (Pricewatercoopers, 2006). Microsoft is the biggest software manufacturer in the world. The company has a rich 32 old history in which they have help revolutionize the IT industry. The company has changed a lot in last five years and has implemented new business strategies which diversified its portfolio of product offerings. The company revenues in 2006 were $44,282 million, which represents a 56.11% revenue increase in comparison with 2002 (Annual Report Microsoft, 2006). There have been a lot of changes in the IT industry. A lot of them have to do with world’s entrance into the convergence age. The company is adapting to the trend and is focusing on launching products based on the market tendencies. There are a lot of exciting developments occurring in the IT industry. In 2006 the IT market generated $3.1 trillion in revenues (Info Tech Industry Overview, 2007). The industry is expanding and new products, concepts and ideas are revolutionizing the industry. A lot of the hottest trends in this industry are aligned with the start of the convergence age. Security is a big issue as more and more users entered the internet and are utilizing it for work related tasks and for their ecommerce needs. The latest tallies of the size of the online population revealed that as of late November 2006 there were 1.76 billion online users globally

Christianity and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity and Education - Essay Example Years ago, people served God without feeling ashamed. He was a part of everyday life. Society valued the Lord as a whole, as it was expected that all people go to church for worship. Those who did not were looked down upon, since they were not giving the Lord the thanks he deserves. Children prayed openly in school, and the class always said prayers before beginning the daily study routine. Nowadays, fewer people attend church. Christians who are faithful in their worship towards God are frequently mocked, and if people miss church, not much is thought of it. Much of society does not hold god in as high of regard as they used to. What’s even worse is that God has practically been taken out of our schools. Some secular individuals who do not take Christianity seriously may reason that Christians are making too much of a big deal about matters. They feel that God is still in our schools, since children are still allowed to pray privately. Evidence, on the other hand, is contrary to such reasoning, as the Bible has much to show us about the times we are living in. What’s more, we can find an explanation in the pages of God’s word as to why the school system is going downhill when it comes to God and morals. The passage at 2 Timothy 3:1-5 gives us a good explanation as to why such events are transpiring. This passage talks about the last days and what is to occur during those times. We are told that children will be disrespectful to those in charge, having a complete lack of regard to authority. Violence will increase greatly, as people will commit violent crimes without a conscience. There will be a serious lacking of self control, and the number of selfish individuals will increase to an alarming rate. Should a person make a mistake, there will be no forgiveness if he wants to smooth things over because people during the last days will be very unforgiving. And if this isn't bad enough, we are told about how people will have a prideful spirit, and will deeply persecute those who love serving God and doing what is right. People will only be concerned about the things that pleasure them rather than devoting time to serving God (the Holy Bible, New King James Version.) Everything that was mention in this Bible passage is characteristic of what is currently occurring in our schools at present. Years ago, children actually respected the teachers. Now, it is not common to hear that teachers stand around helplessly while the children do their dirty business because they are afraid of what the children might do for correcting the behavior. Children talk back to the teachers, and some have even inflicted harsh physical violence. The number of violent incidences that occur in our schools today is ever increasing. Just about every time one switches on the TV to watch the news, there is some sort of report on school violence. There are numerous cases concerning children who bully others, and nothing is done about it because the teachers are afraid of the bullies. Others take things to the extremes by calling bomb threats or bringing weapons to school to injure and kill teachers and fellow classmates. Such violent behavior is not characteristic of a Christian who is reverent in his service to God, and it shows us that things are really getting out of control as described in the above Bible passage. When we look at the pages of God's word, He makes it very clear how he feels about violence. At Galatians 5:19, 20, there is a list of practices that are not acceptable for a servant of God to engage in. Acts of violence are listed among them. In these verses, we are told what will happen to those who engage in such acts. These persons will not inherit God's kingdom (the Holy Bible, New King James Version). Also Psalm 11:5 states that God hates violence (the holy Bible, New King James Version). Nothing can be clearer about how God feels than this verse, which directly states His feelings about the subject. Sadly, school children are not taking this into account, as God is no longer a part of the school curriculum. God

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 46

Philosophy - Essay Example In spite of the fact that the argument which was described may be rather convincing at first sight, if one carefully analyzes it, one may come up with various fallacies that can be found in its logic. To begin with, one should note that the very first premise is faulty. It is an exaggeration to state that all bodies act to a certain end. Indeed, there is a vast array of objects that do not perform any specific function and, therefore, are not able to have a suitable end for its activity. Of course, it is possible to state that inanimate object should be rejected and the analysis should be limited to animal; however, life of the latter also does not strive to achieve a certain end. While there may be some goals which can be identified, from a general perspective, life of a person, life of a lion, life of a plant and even life of a rock (meaning its existence in one piece before it crumbles) does not serve any purpose or are designed to achieve a certain goal. They might find one is th e process of living, but it surely was not predetermined. The second premise is faulty because it operates with a notion that is rather difficult to design. On the one hand, intelligence is truly a characteristic of a highly developed creature which draws a line between humans and other animals. However, one can not dismiss the fact that even the simplest microorganisms feature some kind of intelligence. Of course, they are not able to think or consider abstract matter, but they are surely active and independent from their perspective. In addition to that, there is no single agreed mechanism of identifying intelligence as the latter might manifest itself in different forms. That is why claiming that some natural bodies are not intelligence is oversimplification. If we accept the validity of the above mentioned statement then the third premise should also

Christianity and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity and Education - Essay Example Years ago, people served God without feeling ashamed. He was a part of everyday life. Society valued the Lord as a whole, as it was expected that all people go to church for worship. Those who did not were looked down upon, since they were not giving the Lord the thanks he deserves. Children prayed openly in school, and the class always said prayers before beginning the daily study routine. Nowadays, fewer people attend church. Christians who are faithful in their worship towards God are frequently mocked, and if people miss church, not much is thought of it. Much of society does not hold god in as high of regard as they used to. What’s even worse is that God has practically been taken out of our schools. Some secular individuals who do not take Christianity seriously may reason that Christians are making too much of a big deal about matters. They feel that God is still in our schools, since children are still allowed to pray privately. Evidence, on the other hand, is contrary to such reasoning, as the Bible has much to show us about the times we are living in. What’s more, we can find an explanation in the pages of God’s word as to why the school system is going downhill when it comes to God and morals. The passage at 2 Timothy 3:1-5 gives us a good explanation as to why such events are transpiring. This passage talks about the last days and what is to occur during those times. We are told that children will be disrespectful to those in charge, having a complete lack of regard to authority. Violence will increase greatly, as people will commit violent crimes without a conscience. There will be a serious lacking of self control, and the number of selfish individuals will increase to an alarming rate. Should a person make a mistake, there will be no forgiveness if he wants to smooth things over because people during the last days will be very unforgiving. And if this isn't bad enough, we are told about how people will have a prideful spirit, and will deeply persecute those who love serving God and doing what is right. People will only be concerned about the things that pleasure them rather than devoting time to serving God (the Holy Bible, New King James Version.) Everything that was mention in this Bible passage is characteristic of what is currently occurring in our schools at present. Years ago, children actually respected the teachers. Now, it is not common to hear that teachers stand around helplessly while the children do their dirty business because they are afraid of what the children might do for correcting the behavior. Children talk back to the teachers, and some have even inflicted harsh physical violence. The number of violent incidences that occur in our schools today is ever increasing. Just about every time one switches on the TV to watch the news, there is some sort of report on school violence. There are numerous cases concerning children who bully others, and nothing is done about it because the teachers are afraid of the bullies. Others take things to the extremes by calling bomb threats or bringing weapons to school to injure and kill teachers and fellow classmates. Such violent behavior is not characteristic of a Christian who is reverent in his service to God, and it shows us that things are really getting out of control as described in the above Bible passage. When we look at the pages of God's word, He makes it very clear how he feels about violence. At Galatians 5:19, 20, there is a list of practices that are not acceptable for a servant of God to engage in. Acts of violence are listed among them. In these verses, we are told what will happen to those who engage in such acts. These persons will not inherit God's kingdom (the Holy Bible, New King James Version). Also Psalm 11:5 states that God hates violence (the holy Bible, New King James Version). Nothing can be clearer about how God feels than this verse, which directly states His feelings about the subject. Sadly, school children are not taking this into account, as God is no longer a part of the school curriculum. God

Advertising and its affects on children Research Paper

Advertising and its affects on children - Research Paper Example ising is an important tool for making the organisation successful as advertising creates awareness to the consumers that a certain product and service exists in the market. The effects of advertising can be both positive and negative. It basically depends on the individual as to what extent has the advertising message been interpreted. The old generation may know how to perceive the messages of advertising but some young people, especially children may have affects of advertising in a negative way. Children are immature and they don’t know what is right or wrong for them. Some advertisements may have highly negative impacts on the children. The advertising company focuses on making the advertisements attractive so the people become attracted towards the products or service but children may be affected negatively. It is difficult for parents to avoid their children from viewing the advertisements that are run on television. Parents may have to work upon monitoring their children very carefully while the watch TV and this can be a very difficult thing to do as to take out time for this is also difficult for parents. The advertising process allows the children to gain knowledge about the different types of products that are available in the market especially the various technological innovations taking place in the products. Play stations, X-Box and other such types of games are of high concern to children and they get to know more about this through the advertising channels. Also the different types of products, that is for children come into their knowledge through advertising. Chocolates, and other such food products, children tooth pastes and shampoos etc are all of high interest to the children. These products are used by the children on a daily basis and their importance and positive effects are usually demonstrated in the advertisements. The other positive affect of advertising is that the advertisements are made so attractive that it convinces the

Literary Analysis of Stephen Kings the Stand Essay Example for Free

Literary Analysis of Stephen Kings the Stand Essay People behave strangely when more than ninety-nine percent of the population is dead. They behave even more strangely when they’re the prize of a cosmic struggle. In Stephen King’s fantasy/horror, The Stand, a plague created by the military decimates the modern world. The humans that survived the plague are now the commodity of the personifications of good and evil, the troops in an epically proportioned conflict. The book begins with the spread and origin of the plague and the toll it takes on civilization and the population. Its spread through the nation, and then throughout the world, brings chaos in martial law, with horrible atrocities being committed by many of those still alive and in power. Military brutality is rampant, and all human rights are being ignored or even deliberately violated; civilization and society are disintegrating in the face of mass death. Meanwhile, the survivors are struggling to endure the psychological burden of being alone and tending to the dead and dying. They begin to find each other, but are plagued by horrible nightmares, the embodiment of their worst fears come to haunt them in their dreamland. These begin to be counterbalanced by dreams of a benevolent old woman, and all of the living and still-functioning coalesce around these two figures. A society forms around each: one of death, in Las Vegas around Flagg, and one of life, in Boulder, Colorado, around Mother Abagail. As powers converge and events unfold, the future fate of humanity is decided. The Walkin’ Dude; the dark man; the man with no face; him; Randall Flagg. The purest embodiment of evil, not only is he privy to an occasional demonic countenance, he is even sometimes allegorically referenced to the Devil. He is depicted as sowing death and discord with his very presence, showing them to be integral parts of his nature: â€Å"when he grins, birds fall dead off telephone lines. The grass yellows up and dies where he spits. [. . . ]. His name is Legion. [. . . ]. He can call the wolves and live in the crows. He’s the king of nowhere† (939). The dark man is terror personified, and even those that are loyal to him feel a primeval fear and animal loathing of him. However, evil is a relative thing, and can only be named as such if there is a foil to it. In this case, it is Mother Abagail. She is the safety and comfort of a mother’s arms, the warmth and love of a good home: she is human in a way Flagg is not and therefore subject to the weakness of humanity. Wise and kind though she may be, she is understandably bitter about her fate to â€Å"go away with strangers from all the things you love best and die in a strange land with the work not yet finished† (607). Eventually, she offends God with the sin of Pride, and must go on a pilgrimage out into the desert (a very appropriate biblical parallel) to â€Å"get right with God† (940), a pursuit which, in the end, results in her demise. However, the divine wisdom she gained on this pilgrimage, she put to use in her ordering of the journey of the four to the West, resulting in the end of Flagg’s reign and freedom for the people of the aptly-named Free Zone. One-hundred-and-eight years old, Mother Abagail is both an icon of vitality and frailty: she represents the dual, paradoxical, and precarious nature of good present in both people and civilization as a whole. Mother Abagail’s final action was to send a quest: she began the group of people at her deathbed – namely Stu Redman, Glen Bateman, Ralph Brentner, and Larry Underwood – on a perilous journey West, to destroy Flagg. Of these four characters (though they are obviously the primary focus of the end part of the novel) Ralph is probably the least important, him and Glen being fairly minor characters that rarely if ever are given voice by King. Stu, however, is the leader of both this group and the entire Free Zone, and also the first major character we are introduced to and the story’s primary protagonist. Through his eyes, we see the progenitor of the disease weave his car into a gas station and open Pandora’s Box to the world, the struggle of a dying government to contain what is already far beyond its reach, and the eventual convergence of people and regrouping of society. He is the sturdy, masculine, and conventionally established image of new strength and hope arising from tragedy. Throughout the story, he serves as a voice of reason and calm diplomacy: he is a man who understands the world and people of it. Often, Stu is characterized as â€Å"[a] man who doesn’t talk much† (598) r â€Å"a man of few words† (402), and as being extremely perceptive and intelligent; he is quite skillful at inferring people’s thoughts through his distinctive silent observation. He is a stoic, strong character that embodies the spirit necessary to thrive and survive in this strange new world. Glen Bateman is a sociologist, an invaluable asset to the construction of a new society. Though in and of himself a rather minor main character, he plays a hugely important role throughout the novel as the vessel of Stephen King. When a point is to be made about the ramifications of the superflu or ensuing human behaviors, it is almost always done through Glen. Though often cynical (â€Å"[i]f you want to short-circuit the democratic process, just ask a sociologist†) (749), he provides analyses such as these: â€Å"Man may have been made in the image of God, but human society was made in the image of His opposite number and is always trying to get back home† (458) – ones that are incredibly valuable and insightful, and provide a unique but accurate viewpoint on the â€Å"big picture†. Glen provides an opportunity for King to force-feed readers the main ideas they may not have understood or picked up on for themselves. Larry is a tortured soul. A rising musician in the West, he gets involved with illegal drugs, loses the means to pay for them, and so flees to the East, joining his mother in New York. He is constantly haunted by the condemnations of a woman he slept with and deserted: â€Å"You ain’t no nice guy! † (106) and the words of a friend of his from back West: â€Å"[t]here’s something in you that’s like biting on tinfoil† (817). Without fail, these two phrases always accompany a Larry Underwood attack of conscience, most heavily when those he considers to be under his care meet an unfortunate fate. A defining moment for him occurs when the woman he has been traveling with dies of pill overdose, and he is left alone; he traverses the northeast U. S. on foot, too terrified by the thought of wrecking with nobody to help him to use the motorcycle he had been before. As he fights the terror and psychological torment of solitude, slowly unraveling, he meets others along the way, and begins to find the strength and good within himself to lead and help and heal. After he has grudgingly taken on and essentially begun to head a group of twenty or so people, Judge Farris, an extremely intelligent old man that is traveling with him, calls him â€Å"all the things the civics books tell us the good citizens should be: [. . . ]. They make the best leaders in a democracy because they are unlikely to fall in love with power† (728). Larry is the redemption that only comes through great suffering and turmoil. The Stand mostly takes place in a desolate, dead America of the 1990’s. It’s a place that is both promising in its opportunity and foreboding in its vast emptiness. As the resultant of a non-cataclysmic apocalypse, there is very little damage to the infrastructure of the nation: â€Å"All the machinery is just sitting there, waiting for someone to come along [. . . ] and start it up again† (406). Several characters note consistently the dangers inherent in having all the old tools lying around; the temptation to resurrect the old, destructive ways is greatly increased by the sheer ease with which it could be done. The empty, devoid-of-life landscape, coupled with the only temporarily dormant tools adds a new dimension of danger to the already unpleasant situation of those that survived the plague. King prefers to make his characters the masters of their own fates. Each is presented with his or her own choice, where, in that one and usually only instant, they are completely aware of the ramifications of their actions, which power they are aligning themselves with, and the consequences of doing so. Some manage to abstain from the allure of evil, while others succumb to it hopelessly: â€Å"For just a moment part of his mind cried Harold! Stop! so strongly that he was shaken to his heels [. . . ]. For that moment it seemed he could put the bitter drink away, pour it out of the cup, and refill it with whatever there was for him in this world. . . . ] but maybe it was already too late† (663). Typically, those that fall are those that are particularly sad or lonely or felt themselves to be outcasts in the now-dead world. The pain nurtures a destructive hate in their hearts, a pain that the dark man can speak to and win over. Evil is innately destructive, while good is natural ly an assembling force. King describes evil as only capable of destroying, and therefore only able to cannibalize itself; nothing constructed by one of evil will endure: things fall apart, the centre does not hold. Good being the complement to evil, it of course has a congruously opposite structure: though the edges may tatter and fray, the center is strong because it is based on the people and what they wish to uphold in their deepest selves. Stephen King’s Stand is an all-encompassing work: it contains elements of social and religious commentary, supernatural creatures, romance, murder, insanity, loneliness, family, etc. These elements comprise a work detailing the human experience, viewed through the distorted lens of group and individual psychological shock.

Cat Food Industry In The UK

Cat Food Industry In The UK By using environmental analysis, it is possible for organizations to recognize existing opportunities and threats for companies, define strategies to best utilizing opportunities and also to minimize the bad consequences of threats (Arabi Parsaeian, 2001). And the most important, the analysis can provide a rational future prediction as a base for future strategy adjustment. The company can forecast the consumer tends in next decade and rearrange its products in order to capture the volatile market share in a long-term perspective. The remote environment has the origin of factors that influencing operating environment. In industry-level analysis, it is necessary to analyze a macro environment of a company and access its performance of competitors responding to external elements. The object of this paper is to analyze remote environment and operating environment of cat food industry at United Kingdom. Part Two will be industry definitions. The industry background will be introduced in Part three at three levels, global market, Western Europe market and UK market. Part Four will be remote environment analysis by using PEST model, followed by operating environment analysis in Part Five by using Porters Five Forces Model. 2. Industry and Product definition200 211 Wikipedia defines Pet food as plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_food) Mintel defines pet food as any foods that are specifically formulated and marketed for pets, including treats (Mintel, 2009). In legislation, pet food means a feeding stuff for pet animals. To achieve the appropriate balance of nutrients pet food, manufacturers blend mixtures of ingredients including meat and fish, with vegetables, cereals, vitamins and minerals to produce foods that will satisfy the nutritional requirements of a pet(PFMA). It is typically sold in pet stores or supermarkets. And pet food is divided into three categories (Figure 2): dog food, cat food and other pet food (i.e. fish food, bird food). Pet Food sells in the form that either prepared or non-prepared. Figure 2 Pet Food Segment In this paper, cat food intends to be defined as food product specifically formulated for feeding of cats. For the purposes of this paper, some further definitions used by Mintel reports are as follows: Wet cat food C including wet canned cat food with a moisture content of 60-85% and semi-moist food with a moisture content of 25-30% and includes complete foods. Dry cat food C has a moisture content of around 10% and includes complete foods Treats and MixersC food supplement for cat. 3. Cat food industry Background 200 475 3.1 Global Cat Food Market Figure 3 (Source: Euromonitor International) According to data from Euromonitor, in 2009, the Global retail value sales of cat food reach US19.6 billion dollars, at a growth rate of 4%. Although Dog food continues to occupy nearly half of pet food and pet care market, cat food market posted a comparable CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 5 % during the period 2004-2008. This indicates that the economic downturn had slight impact on this industry. However, the rising rates of house repossessions contribute to the decline in the pet populations, especially in western economies. The recession caused the lack of consumer confidence which lead to backward sales of the whole cat food market at 2008, but the global market is still growing in 2009 as the ongoing trend of pet humanization that consumers want value-added products that extend both the quality and length of the pets life. 3.2 Western European Cat food Market Figure 4 The Western European market is the biggest in cat food consumption. In this region, there has been seen a strong tend towards polarisation between premium and economy cat food brands, with mid-priced products increasingly being squeezed between them. (Euromonitor) However, as shown in Figure 4, the trend of polarization eased during 2007 and 2009. Although premium cat food still bear a large portion, Consumers tend to be prices-sensitive that economy cat food ranges grow rapidly. Figure 5 Wet products remain dominant in Western Europe but dry products sales are growing. According to data from Euromonitor, the gap between wet and dry cat food continues to narrow. In 2005, wet food accounted for 55.5% of all cat food retail sales, but this figure is predicted to decline to 51.1% in 2009. 3.2 UK Cat food Market In 2009, the value sales of the whole cat food market reach ?996 million In the UK (Euromonitor). It is the largest market of Europe in the cat food sector. The consumer base for cat food is significant with 9.7 million cat owners. And cat population rose up to 10.5 million in 2009, from 10.2 million in 2008. The growth rate is mere 0.4% largely due to the real estate crisis in 2008. A large number of homeowners opt to give up houses that they can no longer pay off the mortgage, and some of them have to give up their pets since they have no ability to take care of them. This is also the case happened in dog food market. As a result, UK suffered great in dog and cat population (Figure 6), while Germany take the advantage and grow rapidly in this segment. Figure 6 However, the volume of product sold was flat, because consumers preferred smaller portion sizes as pouches to cans. Premium and super premium foods took increasing shares of the market, causing the general increase in the unit price. 4. Macro environment Analysis (PEST) 2500 4.1 Understanding PEST model 364 Understanding the macro environment of a certain business is vital for the reason that the managers can forecast the market tends and take advantages of the opportunities and minimize the threats by strategy adjustment. In the analysis of the macro-environment for an industry, it is of importance to identify the major factors that the companies are facing and that might influence the organizations internal operation such as supply and demand levels and its costs (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991; Johnson and Scholes, 1993). Some models are developed to indentify the vast number of possible issues that might affect an industry. The PEST analysis is a useful tool to understand the whole trend of the environment in which the industry is operating. PEST analysis stands for factors as Political, Economic, Social-culture and Technological forces to influence the business macro environment. Sometimes two other factors (environmental and legal), can be added to form a PESTEL analysis model. In PEST analysis, Political factors include government policies and regulations to the industry, taxation, laws, trade restrictions and tariffs etc. The economic factors concerns changes in the wider economy such as economic growth or decline, interest rates, disposable income, exchange rates and inflation, etc. Social-culture factors refer to demographic, age distribution, social welfare, population growth rate, changes in lifestyle and consumer buying patterns, etc. The technological factors relate to the development in technology such as application of new inventions, RD activity, automation, etc. PEST analysis can be effective for business and strategic planning, marketing, product development and research reports. Kotler (1998) claims that PEST analysis is a useful tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The analysis examines the impact of these factors on the industry. Byars (1991) believes that PEST analysis results can be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans. Porter (1985) also indentifies by using PEST analysis, the company can be aligned positively with the powerful factors of change and making decisions to fight against. Therefore, in this part, PEST analysis model will be used to explore the remote environment of the cat food industry at United Kingdom. 4.2 Apply PEST to Cat food Industry and Results 4.3 Understanding External Competition 4.3.1 Political 500 643 Cat food enjoys the political policies under the pet food category. Pet food industry is highly regulated and follows a number of industry codes and guidance to help manufacturers fulfill their obligations to manufacture safe pet food. (PFMA) There are more than 50 pieces of legislation governing the manufacture of pet food. As pet food is manufactured and distributed in the same way as human food, some legislation governing human food is equally applicable to pet food. Manufactures must ensure products are safe for cats, required by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). All legislation applicable to pet food originates from the EU in the form of Regulations, Directives and Decisions which are subsequently implemented into UK national law. (PFMA) It is indicated that Pet foods are subject to stricte legislation in the UK. It is able to ensure the safety and quality of products. For example, The Feeding Stuffs Regulations 2005 and The Animal By-Products Regulations 2005. A nd the legislation covering pet food ingredients requires that pet food involving meat based ingredients from animals should take veterinary inspections to make sure that it is qualified for pet consumption. The cat food market has been benefit for those regulations and the market predicts to be stable under political environment. Therefore, it will add confidence for consumers when purchasing these products for their cats. There are also a number of codes of practice to be followed by some association (FEDIAF, The European Pet Food Manufacturers Association) members in this industry which in some cases exceed legislative requirements. For example, since 2005, the EU Feed Hygiene Regulation believes that feed safety is considered at all stages of the production for pet food. The rules cover all processes relating to the manufacturing of the pet food, such as hygiene requirement, record-keeping, etc. The EU Feed Hygiene Regulation Commission recognized the FEDIAF Guide to Good Practice for the Manufacture of Safe Pet Foods and implemented the rules in 2010. These guides should be followed by all members of the community. It covers the detailed requirement of the nutritional needs for cats and dogs at different life stages. Members of the PFMA (UK Pet Food Manufacturers Association) follow the FEDIAF (The European Pet Food Manufacturers Association) Nutritional Guidelines when making pet foods. The guidel ines are updated at a regular frequency to include the latest nutritional research and are peer reviewed by independent nutrition experts throughout Europe. (PFMA) The new Animal Welfare Act came into effect in 2007 and was the first overhaul of pet law during the last 94 years. It sounds a piece of new to the cat food industry that pet welfare are becoming more and more important in the view of pet owners. BBC news broadcasted, The Act raises penalties for cruelty from the previous maximum of six months in prison or a ?5,000 fine, is the most significant new law on animal welfare for 94 years. For the first time, it legally reinforces the duty of care for pet animals. The duty of care includes that animals have a proper diet, are housed with or apart from other animals according to their need, have the ability to express normal behavior and are protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease. This rule is in accordance with the recent trend of pet Humanization that people tend to treat their pets as members of family. It indicates that cat food manufacturers are facing challenging that they need to forecast the trend of consumer consumption and make innovations. For example, it is the recent trend that consumers prefer organic food for pets. The new act also increases age from 12 to 16 for buying a pet. The cat food market sales will be suffered under this regulation; although no evidence has been released that to what extent it would be impact on the cat food sales. 4.3.2 Economic 500 378 (EURO) Strong economic growth drove surge in dog and cat populations in some markets According to Euromonitor International research, the cat populations have been rising steadily during the year from 2004 to 2009(Figure 7). The annual growth rate is 4% from 2004 to 2008. It is partly the result of strong growth in disposable income, and in large part as a result of rising residential property values. The real GDP growth averaged 2.7% in the UK between 2003 and 2007. There is a merely 1% growth from 2008 to 2009 as a consequence of real estate crisis. In the pet ownership, dog is the dominant pet in the percentage of owning households. But cat ownership has been increased from 21% to 25% of the total. However, the growth is not the possible future trend, for there is only 0.4% growth from 2008 to 2009. Figure7 Cat Population in the UK from 2004 to 2009 Figure 8 Cat Owning Households: % Analysis 2004-2009 During the latter part of 2008, economic plunged as the effects of steep decline in residential property values. Huge numbers of consumers who purchase houses at inflated prices found themselves unable to maintain the mortgages during 2007 and 2008. It caused the bankrupt of many financial services, and lead to economic recession. Millions of people lose their homes, and unemployment is rising rapidly in UK. This leads to the significant problem of pet abandonment in the UK. According to the reports of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), the number of abandoned animals rose by 57% in 2008. The number of abandoned cats rose by 50% and has remained elevated during early 2009. This has impact on the cat population and forms the reason for the slow rate of growth of cat food sales during this period. Trends towards Premiumisation were apparent in the cat food market. Cat owners prefer to single serve pouches to feed their cats. This format gets popular due to its convenience through single-use disposable style. It can ease of storage and serving. It is reported to be more gently cooked in these products than canned food. They perceive these as offering better quality food. Consumers are becoming more concerned with value for money. Many manufacturers are adding value to their mid-range brands by introducing new gourmet recipes and revamping packaging. 4.3.3 Social-culture500 650 Figure ? UK Household size, 2003-2013 From 2003, one-person household grow rapidly. Although two person household have been the major style, there is a sharp increase in one person household at the average growth rate of 5.12 from 2003 to 2008. People keep pets in the feeling of loneliness and Pets are increasingly considered a valued member of the family. Owners tend to have stronger bonds with their cats and often more of a sense of guilt at leaving their pets alone for long periods of time. According to the research of PFMA, 31% people keep pets for love, and 27% for companionship. (Euromonotor)Therefore, the trend to humanize the pets has emerged. The increasing rise of humanization promotes sales in the cat food sector, either in treats or gourmet foods. And it continues to be a driving force in sales of pet food and product development. Owners are caring pet health and chose organic, natural healthy cat food. Premium and super premium foods continue to represent larger portions of the cat food market. The trend of Premiumization cause general increase in unit prices per kilogram. But the volume growth has been flat as consumers switched from canned products to pouches with smaller portion sized. As their emotional attachments with their cats, owners want to care for the health and longevity of their cats by turning to this healthy recipe. In the UK this overall performance was largely driven by the wet category while the dry format is not popular and facing heavy discounting activity within supermarkets. In contrast with the global trend, wet cat food performs better than dry, with the wet cat food representing 74% of the overall cat food market. Its dry offering just has 22% in comparison. The popularity of wet cat food may relay on the different eating habits between cats and dogs. Similarly, the different eating preference lead to the popularity of single serve pouches that in line with the preference of cat food by cats. However, this single-use disposable format is providing the convenience to cat owners. It also offers the owners with a wider range of flavors to select for their small cat. But due to overfeeding and under-exercising, Pet obesity is rising with an estimated one in three household pets now overweight. The changing busy lifestyle of people causes the pets to be confined within home for long periods, and without enough exercise. Pet obesity is rather serious in cat for the gentle nature of cats than dog. In this case, Low-fat versions of products emerged such as specialized calorie controlled foods, foods according to levels of activity, and dietary supplements. (Mintel) Furthermore, prepared cat food sales remain high at 88%, even outperforming the sales in dog food market. The eating of cat is not easy to catch that the cat owners seek to convenient options to satisfy the cats. The prepared gap1 ratio in the UK is very high compared with other market, that it indicates a mature cat food market with less space for potential growth than that in developing market. According to Euromonitor, the high purchase of prepared products suggests little room for renewed growth in economy and mid-priced categories, since it is hard to develop new owners left to promote the sales. Convenience is a major driver for many owners in busy lifestyle. In terms of distribution within cat food market, the vast majority of pet foods continue to be distributed by large supermarkets as consumers seek convenience in one-stop shopping venues. Grocery retailers dominate the channels with 75% of value sales in 2008.People can select all arranged cat food in supermarkets, either premium or economy offerings. However, the sales of premium cat food is largely due to pet superstores and veterinary clinics, for the reason that the face-to-face recommendation of a pet expert is a key factor in encouraging pet owners to trade up to more premium products for their cats.(Mintel) 4.3.4 Technological500 419 It is acknowledged that the market was driven by technological innovation. Although economic recession has impacted new product development, it also brings challenges and opportunities. The pet food market has proved to be less impact by economic downturns, as the recent report says that consumers tend to not turn to cut the budget for their pets in case of the distressing economic circumstances. Consumers will cut down the spending over holidays, travels, and luxury buying habbites other than considering the already tiny budget in cat food. Report says that those who used to purchase premium pet food will continue this buying, while those used to purchase mid-priced and economy products are likely to be suffered. They are more price-sensitive. Pet food manufacturers respond to this trend by adding value to customers and give more benefits in their cost base. Cutting price is not usually a good idea in pet food in terms of establishing brand loyalty. Manufacturers are focusing on innovation by adding more value to mid-ranged products to maintain the sales from this group. However, premium and super premium foods continue to represent larger portions of the cat food market. The trend for owners to humanize their pets shows that human food trend leads the innovation of pet food trend. New technology focused on making production more natural, with more organic ingredients, and more close to human tastes. Many pet food manufacturers are launching new products in line with this trend by adding resemble human meal ingredients to offer human grade product to pet consumption, especially in the sector of wet cat food(Euromonitor). For the customers with affluent buying power, they are willing to spend on the high qualified pet products and apply the nutritional needs in the pet diets. Manufacturers seize their attention by producing products with more organic ingredients, free of additive and ethical standardized. In 2009, the sales of cat treats have grown at a current value of 4%. The humanization trend to the pet indulgence results the pushing sale of functional treats (Euro. Mintel). It is aligned with the increasing specification of cat food in different age groups as well as the detailed categorization of pet food with different nutritional needs. Although the sales of cat treats in not a necessary product and shares only small portion of cat food industry, manufactures are extending this market by the real estimate of little future growth in the mature cat food market in the UK. Future innovations and technology are seen in this particular product range. 5. Micro Environment Analysis (Poters five forces Model) 2600 The micro environment analysis of a certain industry concerns the internal competition within the industry by evaluating the performance among competitors. The operational Environment of the companies can be analyzed through the structural analysis by using Porters five forces analysis. 5.1 Understanding Porters Five Force Model 400 There are many methods concerning the analysis of organizational economic competitive advantage. The most popular and available tool in the operating environment analysis is Porters five forces analysis. It is developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. Porters five forces analysis is a framework for the industry structural analysis and business strategy development. According to Porter (1980), the five forces are served in understanding the micro environment of industry, in which the company is influenced in its ability to serve the customers and maximize the profit. As shown in Figure ?, the model identifies five factors of pressure within an industry including intensity of rivalry, threats of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, substitute threats and bargaining power of suppliers. It uses concepts that derive the five forces to determine the competitive intensity and the possible changes among industry competitors. It will provide evidence for company to reassess the volatile marketplace. Figure? Porters Five Force Analysis Pattern As is discussed above, the competitive nature of an industry is strongly affected by suggested Porters five forces. The detailed evaluation elements of each factor are shown in Figure ?. However, it is not the five factors that determine the structure of the industry, but to indentify it and make use of the markets. The structure of the industry itself plays a vital role in the environment. By recognizing this fact, I am going to explore the operating environment of cat food industry at United Kingdom by using Porters Five Forces analysis model. The objective of this task is to present the micro environment inside the industry and competitive arena among competitors. 5.2 Applying the five forces model and Results 200 A five forces analysis allows an organisation to consider the relative attractiveness of different industry sectors when making strategic choices about exiting or entering particular sectors and markets. Close analysis of these forces can allow an organisation to find a position in the sector where it can best defend itself against them or, most effectively, influence them 5.3Understanding the internal competition 5.3.1Competitive Rivalry 400 Porter describe that competitive rivalry was to analyze the intensity of competition between existing companies within an industry. Industries with high competitive pressure will impose pressure on prices, sales margins, and even on profitability for the single unit in the industry. According to the data collected from the Euromonitor International, the UK cat food market was dominated by the two companies, Nestl Purina Ltd and Masterfoods UK Ltd, as shown in Figure?. In 2008, Nestl Purina contained about 35% value share, followed by Masterfoods with approximate 33%. They are equally balanced in the UK cat food market. Figure ? Cat Food Company Shares at UK in 2008 It means that the competition would be very high in this industry for the two giant retailers: Nestl Purina Ltd and Masterfoods UK Ltd. The entry barriers in the cat food industry are very high. As a result, the potential growth of individual company would be largely depending on the RD (PFMA 2009). The pressure coming from the market and looking for opportunities for progress is the main reason that companies in this industry initiates the competition. Nestl S.A. is a global organization with headquarters based on Switzerland. Nestl Purina Pet Care Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nestl S.A.. As undoubtedly the global leader in this market, the company reported sales at US$3 billion during 2008, with 11.5% organic growth and 5% internal growth at an annual rate. (Mintel) It is largely due to the sales of resilient market for premium and super-premium Purina brands. Nestl Purina led the UK cat food market with a 35% share of cat food with the brand as Felix, Go Cat and Purina ONE. Nestl Purina attributes its success to continued innovation and new product development across a range of price brackets. This behaviour attracts those consumers who are pursuing the specialized and healthy food for cats. It is viewed as a key driver of market growth. As a family owned company, Mars Incorporated operates six business segments including Chocolate, Pet Care, Wrigley Gum and Confections, Food, Drinks and Sym-bioscience. The company is also operating a global business, generating annual revenues of over US$28 billion. Masterfoods Pet Care followed closely to Nestl Purina at the second place with a 33% value share at UK cat food market. According to the Mintel reports, the success of Mars is supported by its key brands of Whiskas and Kitekat with brand shares of 26% and 4% respectively in 2008. Figure ? Cat Food Company Shares 2004-2008 As shown in Figure?,the seller concentration in this industry is very high. The major tow competitors are equally balanced. Mas has been performed better than Nestl Purina during the period form 2004 to the mid of 2007. There is no obvious gap between them. However, the Mars lose some shares in the market at 2008. The sales of the two companies are fairly static, giving out an impression of little space to grow. Moreover, other firms are struggling in this sector with mere share growth in the market. Fortunately, the competition in this market is stable, and the general unit price on cat food product is modest without massive fluctuations. It would be a very good aspect, since if price reduction happens in one firm, it will be rapidly followed by other competitors and consequently have impact on all companies income (Sadeghi, 2004). Given an increasing demand for more natural and convenient products in the market, the competition inside is very high. Exiting firms mainly focused on innovation to achieve expansion. Nestl Purina Ltd increased its market share by 0.7% from 2004, due to its launched premium brand Purina One. (Euromonitor 2009a) Hills Pet Nutrition Ltd, with 1.2% growth in its market value from 2004, launched series products in kitten, adult and senior range. (Euromonitor 2009a) It also had some innovation in packaging (Mintel 2006). Firms won better market position through advertising and promotion as well. Town and Country Petfoods Ltd twice its market shares since 2004, based on TV campaign and promotion. (Mintel 2006) It launched a premium brand HiLife with adverting and promotion more than ?1m in 2005. (Mintel 2006) Furthermore, incumbents worked on improving service. Oscar Pet Food UK provided face-to-face service, even home visit. (Precision 2003) In 2005, Town and Country Petfoods Ltd re-laun ched its website to delivery product information and professional advice online. (Mintel 2006) In addition, firms achieved expansion by merger and acquisition. Early 2001, Nestl bought Purina for ?10b, and then launched Purina One in the UK market.( David 2004) Six month later, Masterfood bought EUs largest nutritional pet food manufacture, Royal Canin. (David 2004) 5.3.2 Threat of substitute400 5.3.3 Buyer power400 Entrenched brand loyalty provides challenges and opportunities for retailers While tentative signs of economic stabilisation have begun to emerge during the second half of 2009, global consumer sentiment remains for the most part fragile. With unemployment continuing to rise (albeit at a slower pace than previously), household debt levels elevated and disposable household income still depressed, consumers are likely to retain a heightened sensitivity to price for some time. This presents both a challenge and an opportunity for retailers, particularly in pet food, as consumers in this segment are unusually brand loyal. As a result, larger retailers, particularly pet superstores, may continue to gain market share by leveraging the economies of scale they enjoy by offering consumers their favourite pet food brands at a cheaper price, rather than attempting to market cheaper alternatives to them. 5.3.4 Supplier power400 Private label remains vulnerable to rising costs Nor has the ability to raise prices been confined to the upper end of the market. Canadian-based private label pet food manufacturer Menu Foods scraped back into profitability during the first quarter of 2009 for the first time since the March 2007 recall. It earned US$54,000 (compared with a year-earlier loss of US$2.2 million) on sales of US$84.1 million, up 51.3% year-on-year. This increase was largely due to three price increases that totalled almost 14%. However, these price increases may not be sustainable in the short term. According to the company, as a consequence of our price increases, a number of customers whose volume represented 6.7% of total volume in the first quarter advised that they will stop buying from Menu during the second quarter. This demonstrates that private label manufacturers remain at a fundamental disadvantage to manufacturers of branded products in terms of their ability to sustain higher pricing. In Europe, private label manufacturer Provimi Group is experiencing similar difficulties. Provimi, which sells pet food throughout Western and Eastern Europe, including Russia and Ukraine, reported a 9.9% year-on-year increase in pet food sales during the first quarter, attributing this increase to a growing demand for private label products. However, it stated that its profit margins on pet food were negatively impacted by a sharp increase in the cost of cans that the Group was not able to pass on to its customers. 5.3.5 Barrier of new entry/threat of entry400 A few firms achieved to enter the cat food market successfully during the last decade. They operated mainly in three ways. First, these firms expanded into this market on the base of their original business. They are enjoying the benefits of the background in the pet products industry before. For example, Butchers Pet Care Ltd originally produced dog food only. In 2000, it successfully entered the cat food market by introducing new cat food product. (Euromonitor 2009f) Second, they entered by ways of merging or acquiring incumbents. In 1999, PG entered UK pet food market through acquisition of Imas, which is a historical pet food company established in 1946. (Mintel 2006) Third, they accessed to the market using own brand and labe

How to Use a Stethoscope Essay -- essays research papers

How to Use a Stethoscope Perhaps one of the greatest abilities in today’s medical world is the ability doctors and nurses have to listen to heartbeats, pulses, and breathing patterns with simplicity. It doesn’t require any high-tech equipment. It doesn’t require a myriad of tests and examinations. It doesn’t cost thousands of dollars per minute to operate. In fact, the abilities that I just mentioned are made possible by this instrument: a stethoscope. The stethoscope that we know today is not the stethoscope that was invented nearly 200 years ago. In 1816, a young physician in Paris, France, named R.T.H. Laennec, created the first recorded stethoscope, thanks to his noble convictions. You see, Dr. Laennec was examining a female patient, and was embarrassed to put his ear to her chest. This was common practice among physicians in this time period, but Laennec was simply resistant. Instead, he recalled that sound travels through solid materials. He rolled up 24 sheets of paper, and placed one end to his patient’s chest. The other end he placed to his ear, and to his amazement, listened to the noises of her chest cavity. Not only could he hear the sounds his patient was making, he noticed the sounds were louder and clearer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, Laennec’s design was much like a paper towel tube, so it is not at all representative of this instrument: the modern binaural stethoscope. This design was created only years after the creation of the stethoscope a...